2024-07-12
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《斯科特·凯尔比的风光摄影手册》Reading notes99% of anxiety comes from wasting time and not doing things well, so the only solution is to take action, finish things seriously, overcome anxiety, and overcome those empty moments in your heart, instead of choosing to escape. Don't stand still and imagine difficulties. Action is always the best way to change the status quo.
Before that, let's take a look at a demo. The following photos were taken when I went hiking with my friends some time ago.
Aperture priority mode, use f/11A relatively small aperture value means a larger depth of field, and both the foreground and background will be clearer, but the amount of light entering is less, and a longer exposure time or a higher ISO may be required to compensate.
First shot settings SAMSUNG NX2000 20毫米 f/11 1/15秒 IS0 200 曝光偏差 3 无闪光
You can see that it is overexposed, which means there is too much light, so adjust the ISO, lower the sensitivity, and reduce the exposure compensation.
Settings SAMSUNG NX2000 20毫米 f/11 1/40秒 ISO 100 曝光偏差 0.6 无闪光
The sky is still a little overexposed, but you can see that the shutter speed has automatically increased. Here, adjust the exposure compensation value to 0.
There is a platform on the right side of the composition, which we don’t want to see, so we adjust the focus.
Settings SAMSUNG NX2000 24毫米 f/11 1/80秒 ISO 100 曝光偏差 0 无闪光
Actually, there are still some problems with the composition here, which will not be considered here. Because of the modification of exposure compensation, the shutter speed is faster again. The overall exposure is barely appropriate, but the center is still a little exposed. Here you can adjust the metering mode to点测光Make an attempt.
Because it was noon and the light was hard, it was not suitable for shooting. I didn’t want to try to do some post-processing. Here I can use color grading software to do some color processing.
The following is the export after DaVinci primary color grading. In fact, you only need to adjust the white balance to get a good effect.
The following is a brief summary of some of the suggestions mentioned in the book.
Set IS0 to the lowest value
If you want to take a photo with high clarity, you usually need to use a tripod. When using a tripod, you can set the ISO to the lowest value to ensure that the picture has a high clarity. For most cameras,ISO的最低值是100。
When the outdoor light is strong, the camera's shutter speed will be very fast (possibly more than 1/2000 second), so it is best to adjust the ISO value to 100.
Shooting in Aperture Priority Mode
It is recommended for beginners to use光圈优先Start shooting in mode (usually withAV或Aexpress).光圈优先It means that you manually select光圈大小The camera automatically determines the brightness of the scene by measuring the brightness of the scene.快门速度shooting mode.
How big should the aperture be?
最佳光圈yesf/11The aperture of the value near it can avoid the景深过浅和边缘模糊, and reduces the衍射效应。
When I want all the scenery to合焦When光圈设定为f/11As far as I know, most photographers usef/11orf/16Of course, you are not limited to these two. Some photographers also usef/8.
As long as the aperture does not exceedf/16, it should be fine. Use a smaller aperture, such asf/22, in theory, can produce sharper image quality. However, due to a phenomenon called透镜衍射Optical lens principle
When the aperture is reduced to a certain extent, the light waves will diffract, resulting in a decrease in the clarity of the image. Diffraction is the bending and diffusion of light waves when they encounter obstacles (such as the small aperture of a lens).
每个镜头都有一个光圈值的清晰度是最高的. It can usually be estimated by the following method:2~3The one blocking最清晰光圈(Multiply the current aperture value by the square root of 2 (or approximately by 1.4) to get the next aperture value.)
For example: If the maximum aperture value of the lens isf/4, then the clearest aperture isf/8orf/11; If the maximum aperture value of the lens isf/2.8, then the clearest aperture isf/8(f/2.8 -> f/4 -> f/5.6 -> f/8). (This method does not work for all lenses)
What is the shutter speed?
If you use光圈优先mode shooting, you don’t have to think about it at all快门速度
Because the camera will automatically calculate the appropriate shutter speed. You select an aperture, such asf/11, and then the camera will calculate the exposure based on the environment you are aiming at and give the most appropriate shutter speed.
Shooting in RAW format
RAW 格式 It can maximize the image quality in the process of compressing pixels without causing too much damage to the pixels. When shooting the sky in RAW format, you can get a smoother and softer gradient effect and reduce the appearance of stripes.
Turn on highlight burn-in warning
Probably the worst thing we can do to a photo is让高光部分太亮So much so that the entire picture is destroyed. This situation is called高光溢出, which means that certain areas of the photo亮度过高, so much so that detail is lost, and the area is just pure white and nothing else.
How to deal with blown highlights
Sometimes the shutter speed calculated by the camera is wrong, and this can happen.高光溢出. Need to曝光量To make adjustments, use曝光补偿to correct exposure errors calculated by the camera.
曝光补偿This means: When a camera error occurs (such as高光溢出), adjust the exposure by降低画面的亮度(usually with曝光挡位的1/3进行调节) to improve image quality.
When the highlights are blown out, you need to use曝光补偿function, adjust the screen brightness调低1/3个曝光挡位，
If you choose手动拍摄mode, on most cameras,曝光补偿功能不起作用,you need to手动改变光圈挡位,reduce曝光量For example, if you initially select an aperture off/11, then you need to adjust the aperture value to one stop higher than itf/16If it is not suitable, continue to reduce the aperture until the exposure of the highlights is suitable.
Which metering mode should I choose?
The metering mode I use is actually the default mode on most cameras these days –评价测光, or矩阵测光/平均测光。
When to use spot metering
When you convert to点测光模式When focusing, the camera only calculates the amount of light in a small area around the focal point.
Set white balance to cloudy
No matter what the weather is outside,白平衡设置为阴天模式
I learned this technique from a photographer a few years ago and have been using it for landscape photography ever since.偏暖色调。
Ensure sharp focus with real-time preview
First, use the camera自动对焦function, then手动调节焦距To ensure clear image quality, the operation method is as follows:
(1) Determine the focus and place it on场景大约1/3处, half-press the shutter button to open自动对焦。
(2) Turn on the live preview function (not required for mirrorless cameras). This way you can see the image you are about to capture in real time on the display screen on the back of the camera. A major advantage of the live preview function is that you can enlarge the image before shooting (usually, you can only enlarge the image after shooting). For example,你对焦在场景大约1/3处的一块岩石上，那就可以按缩放键(它的标识像一个放大镜)放大这块岩石，这样你就可以准确、真实地看到这个区域是否合焦。
(3) Close the lens barrel.自动对焦Now you are in手动对焦式. While rotating the lens手动对焦环, observe the magnified area, until the focus and its surrounding area appear clear and sharp, then you can press the shutter button
The autofocus function of today's cameras is very powerful. I only use it occasionally when taking particularly wonderful and difficult landscape photos.
Which focus mode to use
When photographing landscapes, the scene doesn't change much. Since the landscape is still one object, it's best to set the focus mode to单次对焦, instead of连续对焦。
Wide-angle lens
Unless the scene you want to shoot is very far away from you, it is necessary to use长焦镜头In addition, the most commonly used in landscape photography is广角镜头。
If I had to choose one wide angle lens that is best for landscape photography, I would go with全画幅相机的24mm镜头or applicable to半画幅相机的18mm镜头Of course, you get more flexibility with a wide-angle zoom lens, so you can use全画幅相机24-105mm镜头, or even lighter16-35mm镜头。
For landscape photography, no过大的广角镜头, nor do you need过长的长焦镜头。
全画幅相机, lens不要小于16mm，不要大于35mm半画幅相机, lens不要小于8mm，不要大于24mm。The difference between full frame and half frame
Sensor size:
全画幅：The size of the photosensitive element is36×24毫米, this specification originated from early film cameras and was later applied to digital cameras.感光元件面积较大, can make full use of the imaging circle of the lens, without the need for焦距转换, so it has excellent imaging quality and visual effects.
半画幅: Also known asAPS-C画幅, the size of its photosensitive element is generally22.7×15.5mm (other sizes are available such as23.7mm×15.6mm), about全画幅的一半Due to the smaller size of the photosensitive element, half-frame cameras need to be resized when using the same lens.焦距转换。
Shooting range:
Full-frame cameras can capture wider scenes. At the same focal length,半画幅相机的拍摄范围会被裁剪, which is equivalent to放大了1.5倍或1.6倍(Depending on the camera's crop factor). If you want to get the same shooting range, a half-frame camera needs to use更短的焦距or远离拍摄对象。
Depth of Field:
全画幅The camera can capture更浅的景深, that is, the background blur effect is more obvious. At the same aperture and focal length, the depth of field of a full-frame camera is shallower than that of a half-frame camera. If you want to get the same depth of field,半画幅The camera needs to be used更大的光圈or更长的焦距。
Details and colors:
The photosensitive element of a full-frame camera is larger, and each pixel can receive more light.噪点更少，动态范围更宽，色彩还原更准确In contrast, the half-frame camera has a smaller photosensitive element area, so each pixel receives less light.噪点更多，动态范围Narrower,色彩还The original is relatively poor.
When to use an ultra-wide-angle lens
If there is something really close to you in the foreground, such as a large rock or a piece of driftwood, then超广角镜头It will come in handy
Because it will make the scenery更强烈的纵深感, making the audience feel that the scenery is farther away (the mountains at the same distance become smaller)
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Scott Kelby's Handbook of Landscape Photography
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I have devoted myself to the research of technology for more than 30 years. I am proficient in various languages such as Java, Linux, JavaScript, PHP, CSS, etc. I have made many contributions in the field of open source. I have established a developer documentation site to share some problems in technology development for everyone to read.
