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Verify palindrome

A phrase is considered a palindrome if it reads the same forwards and backwards after converting all uppercase characters to lowercase and removing all non-alphanumeric characters.

class Solution {
public:
    bool isPalindrome(string s) {
        int left = 0;
        int right = s.size()-1;
        while(left < right){
            while(left < right && !isalnum(s[left])){
                left++;
            }
            while(left < right && !isalnum(s[right])){
                right--;
            }
            if(left < right && tolower(s[left]) != tolower(s[right])){
                return false;
            }
            left++;
            right--;
        }
        return true;
    }
};
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Determine subsequence

Given strings s and t, determine whether s is a subsequence of t.
A subsequence is a new string formed by deleting some characters from the original string without changing the relative positions of the remaining characters.

Double pointer
Initialize two pointers i and j to point to the initial positions of s and t respectively.
Each time a greedy match is performed, if the match is successful, i and j will move right at the same time to match the next position of s. If the match fails, j will move right and i will remain unchanged.

Finally, i moves to the end of s, indicating that s is a subsequence of t.

class Solution {
public:
    bool isSubsequence(string s, string t) {
        int n = s.size();
        int m = t.size();
        int sIndex = 0, tIndex = 0;
        while(sIndex < n && tIndex < m){
            if(s[sIndex] == t[tIndex]){
                sIndex++;
                tIndex++;
            }else{
                tIndex++;
            }
        }
        return sIndex == n;
    }
};
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Sum of two numbers

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> twoSum(vector<int>& numbers, int target) {
        int left = 0;
        int right = numbers.size()-1;
        while(left < right){
            int num = numbers[left] + numbers[right];
            if(num == target){
                return {left+1, right+1};
            }else if(num < target){
                left++;
            }else{
                right--;
            }
        }
        return {0,0};
    }
};
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Ransom letter

There is no order of magnitude, so double pointers are generally used.

class Solution {
public:
    bool canConstruct(string ransomNote, string magazine) {
        sort(ransomNote.begin(), ransomNote.end());
        sort(magazine.begin(), magazine.end());
        int i = 0, j = 0, m = ransomNote.size(), n = magazine.size();
        while(i<m && j<n){
            if(ransomNote[i] == magazine[j]){
                i++;
                j++;
            }else{
                j++;
            }
        }
        return i == m;
    }
};
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Hash Table

class Solution {
public:
    bool canConstruct(string ransomNote, string magazine) {
        unordered_map<int, int> count;
        for(char c : magazine){
            count[c]++;
        }
        for(char c : ransomNote){
            if(count[c] == 0){
                return false;
            }else{
                count[c]--;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
};
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Arrays

class Solution {
public:
    bool canConstruct(string ransomNote, string magazine) {
        int count[26] = {};
        for(char c : magazine){
            count[c-'a']++;
        }
        for(char c : ransomNote){
            if(count[c-'a'] == 0){
                return false;
            }else{
                count[c-'a']--;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
};
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Isomorphic Strings

Given two strings s and t, determine whether they are isomorphic.

class Solution {
public:
    bool isIsomorphic(string s, string t) {
        unordered_map<char, char> s2t;
        unordered_map<char, char> t2s;
        
        for(int i=0; i<s.size(); i++){
            char x = s[i];
            char y = t[i];
            if((s2t.count(x) && s2t[x] != y) || (t2s.count(y) && t2s[y] != x)){
                return false;
            }
            s2t[x] = y;
            t2s[y] = x;
        }
        return true;
    }
};
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Splitting a string

vector<string> splitString(string& str){
	istringstream iss(str);
	vector<string> res;
	string word;
	while(iss >> word){
		res.push_back(word);
	}
	return res;
}
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class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> splitString(string s){
        istringstream iss(s);
        vector<string> res;
        string word;
        while(iss >> word){
            res.push_back(word);
        }
        return res;
    }
    bool wordPattern(string pattern, string s) {
        unordered_map<char, string> char2s;
        unordered_map<string, char> s2char;
        
        vector<string> words = splitString(s);
        if(pattern.size() != words.size()){
            return false;
        }
        for(int i=0; i<pattern.size(); i++){
            char c = pattern[i];
            string word = words[i];
            if((char2s.count(c) && char2s[c] != word) || (s2char.count(word) && s2char[word] != c)){
                return false;
            }
            char2s[c] = word;
            s2char[word] = c;
        }
        return true;
    }
};
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Valid brackets

class Solution {
public:
    bool isValid(string s) {
        stack<char> stk;
        for(int i = 0; i<s.size(); i++){
            char ch = s[i];
            if(ch == '(' || ch == '[' || ch == '{'){
                stk.push(ch);
            }else{
                if(stk.empty()){
                    return false;
                }
                char topCh = stk.top();
                if((topCh =='[' && ch == ']') || (topCh =='(' && ch == ')') || (topCh =='{' && ch == '}')){
                    stk.pop();
                }else{
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return stk.empty();
    }
};
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class Solution {
public:
    bool isValid(string s) {
        int n = s.size();
        if(n % 2 == 1){
            return false;
        }

        unordered_map<char, char> pairs = {
            {']','['},
            {'}','{'},
            {')','('}
        };

        stack<char> stk;
        for(char ch:s){
            if(pairs.count(ch)){
                if(stk.empty() || stk.top() != pairs[ch]){
                    return false;
                }
                stk.pop();
            }else{
                stk.push(ch);
            }
        }
        return stk.empty();
    }
};
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Simplify the path

We first split the given string path into a list of several strings according to /, recorded as names.
The strings contained in names can only be the following:

• Empty string. For example, when multiple consecutive / appear, an empty string will be split.
• one point.
• Two points...
• Directory name.

For an empty string or a period, no processing is done.

For two dots or directory names, a stack is needed to maintain each directory name in the path. When two dots are encountered, as long as the stack is not empty, it switches to the previous level (pops the top directory of the stack), and when a directory name is encountered, it is put into the stack.

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> splitString(string &path){
        vector<string> res;
        string temp;
        for(char c : path){
            if(c == '/'){
                res.push_back(temp);
                temp.clear();
            }else{
                temp += c;
            }
        }
        res.push_back(temp);
        return res;
    }

    string simplifyPath(string path) {
        vector<string> names = splitString(path);
        vector<string> stk;
        for(int i=0; i<names.size(); i++){
            if(names[i] == ".."){
                if(!stk.empty()){
                    stk.pop_back();
                }
            }else if(!names[i].empty() && names[i] != "."){
                stk.push_back(names[i]);
            }
        }

        string res;
        if(stk.empty()){
            res = "/";
        }else{
            for(int i=0; i<stk.size(); i++){
                res += "/" + stk[i];
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
};
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Minimum stack

Design a stack that supports push, pop, and top operations and can retrieve the smallest element in constant time.

Auxiliary stack

• When pushing elements into the stack, they are first pushed into the normal stack, the top of the current auxiliary stack is compared with the element, and then the minimum value is inserted into the top of the stack.
• When popping the stack, both are popped together.

class MinStack {
    stack<int> stk;
    stack<int> min_stk;
public:
    MinStack() {
        min_stk.push(INT_MAX);    
    }
    
    void push(int val) {
        stk.push(val);
        min_stk.push(min(min_stk.top(), val));
    }
    
    void pop() {
        stk.pop();
        min_stk.pop();
    }
    
    int top() {
        return stk.top();
    }
    
    int getMin() {
        return min_stk.top();
    }
};

/**
 * Your MinStack object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MinStack* obj = new MinStack();
 * obj->push(val);
 * obj->pop();
 * int param_3 = obj->top();
 * int param_4 = obj->getMin();
 */
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Reverse Polish Notation Evaluation

class Solution {
public:
    int evalRPN(vector<string>& tokens) {
        stack<int> stk;
        for(int i=0; i<tokens.size(); i++){
            if(tokens[i] == "+" || tokens[i] == "-" || tokens[i] == "*" || tokens[i] == "/"){
                int num2 = stk.top();
                stk.pop();
                int num1 = stk.top();
                stk.pop();
                if(tokens[i] == "+"){
                    stk.push(num1 + num2);
                }else if(tokens[i] == "-"){
                    stk.push(num1 - num2);
                }else if(tokens[i] == "*"){
                    stk.push(num1 * num2);
                }else{
                    stk.push(num1 / num2);
                }
            }else{
                stk.push(stoi(tokens[i]));
            }
        }
        return stk.top();
    }
};
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Basic calculator

Given a string expression s, implement a basic calculator to calculate and return its value.

Bracket expansion + stack
In addition to numbers and brackets, strings only have two operators: plus and minus.
Therefore, if you expand all the parentheses in an expression, the numbers in the resulting new expression will not change, only the signs in front of each number will change.

It is necessary to maintain a stack ops, in which the top element of the stack records the symbol of each bracket at the current position.
1+2+(3-(4+5))：

• When scanning to 1+2, since the current position is not contained by any brackets, the top element of the stack is the initial value + 1;
• When scanning to 1+2+(3, the current position is contained by a bracket, and the sign before the bracket is +, so the top element of the stack is +1.

class Solution {
public:
    int calculate(string s) {
        stack<int> ops;
        ops.push(1);
        int sign = 1;

        int ret = 0;
        int i = 0;
        int n = s.size();
        while(i < n){
            if(s[i] == ' '){
                i++;
            }else if(s[i] == '+'){
                sign = ops.top();
                i++;
            }else if(s[i] == '-'){
                sign = -ops.top();
                i++;
            }else if(s[i] == '('){
                ops.push(sign);
                i++;
            }else if(s[i] == ')'){
                ops.pop();
                i++;
            }else{
                long num = 0;
                while(i < n && s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9'){
                    num = num * 10 + s[i]-'0';
                    i++;
                }
                ret += sign * num;
            }
        }
        return ret;
    }
};
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