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When the timer is used, the internal oscillator circuit counts. When configured as a timer, the value of the count memory is increased by 1 every time a machine cycle passes.

1. How to set the timer

1. The crystal oscillator sends out pulses and records the number of pulses for timing.
2. The frequency of the pulse is the clock frequency, and the reciprocal of this frequency is the oscillation period (clock period), which is also the smallest unit of time in the computer.

As shown in the figure: the frequency of the crystal oscillator is 11.0592MHz, then its clock period is 1/11.0592MHz (seconds), that is, the period of one pulse takes this many seconds.

3. The machine cycle is the CPU cycle. The time required for a basic operation is called a machine cycle. Generally, a machine cycle consists of several clock cycles. Generally, it is 12 times/6 times.

• How much time has passed since the addition of 1?
  When the crystal frequency is 11.0592MHz, it is equal to 11059.2KHz = 11059200Hz
  Machine cycle = 12 x clock cycle = 12 x (1/clock frequency) seconds = 12 / clock frequency seconds = 12 / 11059200 seconds = 12 000 000/ 11059200 microseconds = 1.085 (us)
  That is, when using a multiple of 12, the counter is incremented by 1 every 1.085us.。

2. How to achieve counting?

By configuring the relevant registers: The following figure shows the relevant registers of the timer.

• As shown in the figure, there are 2 registers: the first is TCON, the second is TCOM, and they are both 8 bits each.
• As shown in the figure, there are two types of timers: the first is timer T0, and the second is timer T1, both of which are 16 bits each.

2.1. Control register TCON

TF0：定时器T0溢出中断标志，当定时器0开始计数时，计数到规定的时间时，定时器产生了溢出。TF0自动由0变位1(由硬件置1)。
如果不用中断，需要手动清零。

TR0：定时器T0的控制位，当为1时，定时器T0才能计数，相当于T0的开关(由软件控制)。
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2.2 Working mode register TCOM

GATE：门控制位，当GATE=0时：计数条件只有TR1一个(TR1=1就计数，TR1=0就不计数)。
			   当GATE=1时：是否计数不仅取决于TR1还取决于INT1引脚
C/T ：时钟输入选择为，为1时，时钟从外部引脚P3.5口输入；为0时，时钟从内部输入
M1      M0
0        0        ：13位定时器，使用高8位和低5位
0        1        ：16位定时器，全用
1        0        ：8位自动重装载定时器,当溢出时将TH1存放的值自动重装入TL1.
1        1        ：定时器无效
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2.3 Timer T0

Timer T0 has 16 bits in total, divided into the high 8 bits TH0 and the low 8 bits TL0. So it can count 2^16 numbers (65536) in total, and the period of each count is 1.085us, so the default is to start counting from 0, and the cumulative timing is about 71ms.

3. Example: Control the LED on and off at intervals of 1s through timer T0

Code ①:

#include <REGX52.H>

sbit LED1 = P3^7;
void main(void)
{
	int cnt = 0;
	LED1 = 1;//先让灯熄灭的状态
	
/*1、选择定时器T0，并配置为16位定时器*/
	TMOD =0x01;							// 0000 0001
	
/*
	2、定一个10ms的时间,数1下需要1.085us
	10ms需要数则需要数9216下，那从65536-9126=56320
	从56320这里开始数，数9216下就到了65536。当超过了
	65536时就报表了，控制寄存器TCON的TF0由0变为1	
*/
	TL0 = 0x00; //0000 0000
	TH0 = 0xDC;//1101 1100
	
/*3、打开定时器T0*/
	TR0 = 1;
	
	TF0 = 0;//先个溢出标志清零
	while(1)
	{
		if(TF0 == 1)//10ms报表了
		{	
			TF0 = 0;//软件清零，现在不使用中断
			TL0 = 0x00; //重新给初值
			TH0 = 0xDC;
			cnt++;
			if(cnt == 100)//数100次，相当于1s
			{
				cnt = 0;
				LED1 = !LED1;
			}
		}
	}
}
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【Note】

• After each report, the timer must be reset to a new initial value
• Every 10 milliseconds, cnt is incremented by 1. When cnt reaches 100, it means that 1 second has passed.

Code optimization ②:

#include <REGX52.H>

sbit LED1 = P3^7;

void Timer0_Init_10ms(void)//定时器初始化10ms
{
	TMOD =0x01;							
	
	TL0 = 0x00; //0000 0000
	TH0 = 0xDC;//1101 1100
	
	TR0 = 1;
	TF0 = 0;
}

void main(void)
{ 
	int cnt = 0;
	LED1 = 1;//先让灯熄灭的状态
	Timer0_Init_10ms();
	
	while(1)
	{
		if(TF0 == 1)//10ms报表了
		{	
			TF0 = 0;//软件清零，现在不使用中断
			TL0 = 0x00; //重新给初值
			TH0 = 0xDC;
			cnt++;
			if(cnt == 100)//数100次，相当于1s
			{
				cnt = 0;
				LED1 = !LED1;
			}
			
		}
	}
}
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Encapsulate the timer T0 initialization into a function and call it directly when needed.
But using TMOD = 0x01; this initialization also has defects:

假如定时器T1正在使用，且为16位定时器。则TMOD的高4位应该为：0x1(0001)
而我们使用定时器T0时TMOD初始为0x01，则TMOD的高4位为0x0(0000)，则把定时器T1变为一个13位定时器了。所以还需要改进
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Code optimization ③:

#include <REGX52.H>

sbit LED1 = P3^7;

void Timer0_Init_10ms(void)		//10毫秒@11.0592MHz
{
	//AUXR &= 0x7F;		//定时器时钟12T模式
	TMOD &= 0xF0;		//设置定时器模式
	TMOD |= 0x01;		//设置定时器模式
	TL0 = 0x00;		//设置定时初值
	TH0 = 0xDC;		//设置定时初值
	TF0 = 0;		//清除TF0标志
	TR0 = 1;		//定时器0开始计时
}

void main(void)
{ 
	int cnt = 0;
	LED1 = 1;//先让灯熄灭的状态
	Timer0_Init_10ms();
	
	while(1)
	{
		if(TF0 == 1)//10ms报表了
		{	
			TF0 = 0;//软件清零，现在不使用中断
			TL0 = 0x00; //重新给初值
			TH0 = 0xDC;
			cnt++;
			if(cnt == 100)//数100次，相当于1s
			{
				cnt = 0;
				LED1 = !LED1;
			}
			
		}
	}
}
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We found that TMOD is initialized as:

TMOD &= 0xF0;		//设置定时器模式
TMOD |= 0x01;		//设置定时器模式
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What are the benefits of initialization like this?

假如定时器T1正在使用，且为16位定时器。则TMOD的高4位应该为：0x1(0001)，而要使用定时器T0，且也为16位定时器，则TMOD =  0x11;
TMOD &= 0xF0;表示TMOD = TMOD & 0xf0,则与出来的TMOD = 0x10,由此可见，这一步就是让TMOD的高4位不变，低4位清零。
TMOD |= 0x01;表示TMOD = TMOD | 0x01,则或出来的TMOD = 0x11,由此可见，这一步就是让TMOD的高4位不变，低4位初始化。
通过这样初始化，既保证了TMOD的高4位不变（不改变定时器T1的初始化），由对低4位进行了改变（对定时器T0初始化）。
当然：也可以直让TMOD = 0x11;
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