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In addition to the BeautifulSoup library mentioned above, there are two other methods for parsing data: regular expressions and Xpath.

1. Regular Expression

Regular expression (RE for short) is a tool used to describe and match string patterns.

It is widely used in text processing, data validation, text search and replacement, etc. Regular expressions use a special syntax that can perform complex pattern matching on strings.

Regular expression test:Online Regular Expression Tester

1. Commonly used metacharacters

Metacharacter: A special symbol with a fixed meaning. Each metacharacter matches only one string by default and cannot match a newline character.

2. Quantifiers

Quantifier: controls the number of times the preceding metacharacter appears

Lazy matching.*?: Match as few characters as possible. Add ? Implement lazy matching.
Greedy Matching.*: Match as many characters as possible. The default repetition metacharacters are greedy.

3. Re module

To process regular expressions in Python, you can use re This module provides a set of functions for searching, matching and manipulating strings.

import re

# 示例文本
text = "在2024年，Python是最受欢迎的编程语言之一。Python 3.9版本在2020年发布。"

# 1. re.search() 搜索字符串，返回第一个匹配的对象
# 查找第一个数字序列
search_result = re.search(r'd+', text)
if search_result:
    print(f"re.search: 找到的第一个数字是 '{search_result.group()}'，位置在 {search_result.start()}")  

# 2. re.match() 从字符串起始位置匹配模式
# 匹配字符串开头是否为 '在'
match_result = re.match(r'在', text)
if match_result:
    print(f"re.match: 匹配的字符串是 '{match_result.group()}'，位于字符串的开始")

# 3. re.fullmatch() 整个字符串完全匹配模式
# 检查整个字符串是否只包含中文字符
fullmatch_result = re.fullmatch(r'[u4e00-u9fff]+', '在编程')
if fullmatch_result:
    print(f"re.fullmatch: 整个字符串完全匹配，匹配到的内容是 '{fullmatch_result.group()}'")  

# 4. re.findall() 返回字符串中所有非重叠匹配的列表
# 查找所有的数字序列
findall_result = re.findall(r'd+', text)
print(f"re.findall: 找到的所有数字序列是 {findall_result}") 

# 5. re.finditer() 返回字符串中所有非重叠匹配的迭代器
# 查找所有的数字序列，并逐一输出
finditer_result = re.finditer(r'd+', text)
for match in finditer_result:
    print(f"re.finditer: 找到的数字是 '{match.group()}'，位置在 {match.start()}")  

# 6. re.sub() 用替换字符串替换匹配模式的所有部分
# 将所有数字替换为 '#'
sub_result = re.sub(r'd+', '#', text)
print(f"re.sub: 替换后的字符串是: {sub_result}") 

# 7. re.split() 根据模式匹配分割字符串
# 按照空白字符或标点分割字符串
split_result = re.split(r'[，。 ]+', text)
print(f"re.split: 分割后的字符串列表是: {split_result}") 
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4. Crawling Douban Movies

from<li>Tags, and gradually match to the movie name<span class="title">tags, using non-greedy mode (.*?) matches any characters that may exist in the middle until the next explicit token is found, using a named capture group(?P<name>)Extract the movie title part.

Re expression writing:

<li>.*?<div class="item">.*?<span class="title">(?P<name>.*?)</span>
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Crawler code:

import requests
import re
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/125.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/125.0.0.0"
}

for start_num in range(0, 250, 25):
    response = requests.get(f"https://movie.douban.com/top250?start={start_num}", headers=headers)
    # 拿到页面源代码
    html = response.text
    # 使用re解析数据
    obj = re.compile(r'<li>.*?<div class="item">.*?<span class="title">(?P<name>.*?)</span>',re.S)
    # 开始匹配
    result = obj.finditer(html)
    # 打印结果
    for it in result:
        print(it.group('name'))
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2. Xpath

XPath is a language for searching in XML documents. It can select nodes or node sets through path expressions. HTML is a subset of XML.

Install the lxml module: pip install lxml

1. Xpath parsing

Ⅰ. Node Selection

II. Path Expression

III. Common functions

• text(): Select the text of an element.
• @attr: Select the attribute of the element.
• contains(): Determine the inclusion relationship.
• starts-with(): Determine the start part.

from lxml import etree

html_content = '''
<html>
  <body>
    <div class="movie">
      <span class="title">肖申克的救赎</span>
      <span class="title">The Shawshank Redemption</span>
    </div>
    <div class="movie">
      <span class="title">霸王别姬</span>
      <span class="title">Farewell My Concubine</span>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>
'''

# 解析HTML
tree = etree.HTML(html_content)

# 提取电影标题
titles_cn = tree.xpath('//div[@class="movie"]/span[@class="title"][1]/text()')
titles_en = tree.xpath('//div[@class="movie"]/span[@class="title"][2]/text()')

# 打印结果
for cn, en in zip(titles_cn, titles_en):
    print(f'中文标题: {cn}, 英文标题: {en}')
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//div[@class="movie"]/span[@class="title"][1]/text()
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//div[@class="movie"]: Select all classesmovieThe div element.

/span[@class="title"][1]: Select each div with classtitleThe first span element.

/text(): Get the text content of the span element.

//div[@class="movie"]/span[@class="title"][2]/text()
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Similar to the above expression, but selects each div with classtitleThe second span element.

2. Crawling Douban Movies

import requests
from lxml import etree

headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/125.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/125.0.0.0"
}

for start_num in range(0, 250, 25):
    response = requests.get(f"https://movie.douban.com/top250?start={start_num}", headers=headers)
    # 拿到页面源代码
    html = response.text
    # 使用lxml解析页面
    html = etree.HTML(html)
    # 提取电影名字
    titles = html.xpath('//*[@id="content"]/div/div[1]/ol/li/div/div[2]/div[1]/a/span[1]/text()')
    # 提取评分
    ratings = html.xpath('//*[@id="content"]/div/div[1]/ol/li/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/span[2]/text()')
    # 打印结果
    for title, rating in zip(titles, ratings):
        print(f"电影: {title} 评分: {rating}")
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